Splashdowns and Pandemics...

"Good Trouble"... The Griot Poet, image source Smithsonian Magazine

Topics: Civil Rights, International Space Station, John Robert Lewis, NASA, STEM

This will be the first splashdown that's occurred in a while, but particularly during a global pandemic and the internment of a legend. It was germane during the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo programs. The Space Shuttle brought to mind the CGI and FX ease of take offs and landings in Science Fiction movies, regardless of genre: somehow massive spaceships can magically levitate, and "ease" into orbit without accelerating to escape velocity in a planet's gravity well.

Today, we're laying to rest a civil rights icon, John Robert Lewis. He was BLM before the Internet and hashtag. He was notorious for getting in "good trouble," leading a sit-in on the House floor - breaking rules for twenty children and six adults slaughtered at Sandy Hook, for what he and Dr. King called "The Beloved Community." Like moonshots, that was "conspiracy theorized" away, callously, but revelatory of how depraved this republic was before this current moment. Hopefully, the citizens of Alabama will rename the bridge currently carrying the name of a confederate traitor and Klan grand dragon in HIS distinct honor.

During splashdowns and pandemics: I can dream.

CNN: Civil Rights icon John Lewis honored at US Capital: Live Updates

*****

NASA will provide live coverage of activities leading up to, during, and following the return of the agency’s SpaceX Demo-2 test flight with the agency’s astronauts Robert Behnken and Douglas Hurley from the International Space Station.

The duo arrived at the orbiting laboratory on May 31, following a successful launch on May 30 on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

NASA and SpaceX are targeting 7:34 p.m. EDT Saturday, Aug. 1, for undocking of the Dragon “Endeavour” spacecraft from the space station and 2:42 p.m. Sunday, Aug. 2, for splashdown, which will be the first return of a commercially built and operated American spacecraft carrying astronauts from the space station.

Coverage on NASA TV and the agency’s website will begin at 9:10 a.m., Aug. 1, with a short farewell ceremony on station and resume at 5:15 p.m., with departure preparations through splashdown and recovery at one of seven targeted water landing zones in the Atlantic Ocean or Gulf of Mexico off the coast of Florida.

All media participation in news conferences and interviews will be remote; no media will be accommodated at any NASA site due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. To participate in the briefings by phone or to request a remote interview with the crew members, reporters must contact the newsroom at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston at 281-483-5111 no later than two hours prior to each event.

NASA to Provide Coverage of Astronauts’ Return from Space Station on SpaceX Commercial Crew Test Flight

#P4TC link: Dragons and Dystopias...

Dragons and Dystopias...

Topics: African Americans, Diaspora, International Space Station, Octavia Butler, Science Fiction, Spaceflight

A casual search on this blog, it's not the first time I've invoked Octavia Butler as an observer of our times, and it likely won't be the last.

Off World Concerns...

NASA astronaut Chris Cassidy and Roscosmos cosmonauts Anatoly Ivanishin and Ivan Vagner are the next crewmembers scheduled to launch to the International Space Station.
(Image: © NASA)

Topics: Biology, NASA, International Space Station, Space Exploration

The procedure to ensure that astronauts don't bring an illness to the International Space Station is under evaluation as NASA enacts tactics to help slow the spread of the novel-coronavirus disease COVID-19.

Governments and agencies around the world have been enacting measures meant to contain the spread of the novel coronavirus; those measures include social distancing and quarantines for people who think they may have been exposed to the virus. But these tactics aren't new territory for NASA astronauts, who take such measures to prepare for close-quarter, secluded living that can last six months or longer.

With coronavirus spreading, NASA may tweak astronaut prelaunch quarantine plans
Doris Elin Urrutia, Space.com

Starship GPS...

Pulsars spin rapidly while emitting powerful beams of radiation.Credit: Dana Berry/NASA

Topics: Astrophysics, Instrumentation, International Space Station, NASA, Space Exploration

NATIONAL HARBOR, Maryland

From its perch aboard the International Space Station, a NASA experiment has shown how future missions might navigate their way through deep space. Spacecraft could triangulate their location, in a sort of celestial Global Positioning System (GPS), using clockwork-like signals from distant dead stars.

Last November, the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) spent a day and a half looking at a handful of pulsars — rapidly spinning stellar remnants that give off beams of powerful radiation as they rotate. By measuring tiny changes in the arrival time of the pulses, NICER could pinpoint its location to within 5 kilometres.

It is the first demonstration in space of the long-sought technology known as pulsar navigation. One day, the method could help spacecraft steer themselves without regular instructions from Earth.

NASA test proves pulsars can function as a celestial GPS, Alexandra Witze, Nature

CAL...

NASA will use CAL to better try to understand a highly misunderstood type of matter in space.
Image Credit: NASA

Topics: Bose-Einstein Condensate, International Space Station, Materials Science, NASA, Thermodynamics

NASA has a goal of creating what they say will be the coldest place in the entire universe, as it will help them to understand a property of matter that isn't well-understood. The project has been in development for a number of years, but soon it will come to fruition.

In the near future, an ice chest-sized box that NASA is calling the Cold Atom Laboratory (CAL) will be shipped to the International Space Station aboard a supply rocket.

CAL will come equipped with the tools it needs to hyper-chill gas atoms to just a billionth of a degree above absolute zero, which citing NASA, is about 100 million times colder than even the depths of outer space itself. It's worth noting that at absolute zero, atom activity reportedly freezes. The tools that will make this possible include a vacuum chamber, special lasers, and what NASA calls an “electromagnetic knife.” These tools will essentially slow the gas molecules that get trapped inside to a near-motionless state.

Since there is so much misunderstanding about how these kinds of hyper-chilled properties impact physics, this is a huge opportunity to fill a gap in mankind's expanding knowledge. The gasses that get chilled to these kinds of low temperatures really aren’t even gasses anymore – their atoms become arranged into a state of matter dubbed Bose-Einstein Condensate. This is a unique type of matter that we don’t fully understand yet. Scientists describe it as a type of “super fluid” that lacks any friction.

Lab Roots: NASA Aims to Create the Coldest Place in the Universe, Anthony Bouchard

Space Weather...

Photo: NASA
Huge solar coronal mass ejections hurl plasma into space. These cause space storms that can wreak havoc on Earth.

Topics: Heliophysics, International Space Station, NASA, Space, Space Exploration

Auroras lit the skies as far south as Cuba on September 1, 1859. Telegraph systems across the globe malfunctioned, sparking and shocking their operators, and making transmission impossible. The cause was a massive geomagnetic storm, known as the Carrington Event after astronomer Richard Carrington, who observed an enormous solar flare preceding the events on Earth.

If a storm of equal strength occurred in today’s technology-addicted world, it would have catastrophic impacts, said a panel of space weather experts at the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Meeting in Washington, DC on February 15.

“This was by all measures a huge storm,” said Daniel Baker of the University of Colorado. “If an event of that size were to occur today, the effects by most estimates would be devastating.” Large regions of the globe could be plunged into darkness and hobbled with technology failures, from widespread power outages, to loss of communication systems, to GPS navigation failures, and damage to satellites.

APS News: Scientists Discuss the Dangers of Space Weather, Emily Conover

Back To Earth...

Scott Kelly inside the Cupola, a special module which provides a 360-degree viewing of the Earth and the space station, July 12, 2015.
REUTERS/NASA

Topics: International Space Station, Mars, NASA, Planetary Science, Space, Space Exploration, Spaceflight

NASA astronaut Scott Kelly and Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko headed back toward Earth on Tuesday after nearly a year aboard the International Space Station, ending a record-long U.S. spaceflight intended to pave the way for human travel to Mars.

The men, accompanied by Russian cosmonaut Sergey Volkov, strapped themselves inside a Russian Soyuz capsule and departed the station at 8:02 p.m. EST (0102 GMT on Wednesday).

They are expected to make a parachute landing in Kazakhstan at 11:25 p.m. EST (0425 GMT on Wednesday).

Kelly and Kornienko have been aboard the space station for 340 days, about twice as long as previous crews. Their flight sets a record for the space station and for the longest U.S. space mission.

Reuters Science: Station crew heads home after record U.S. spaceflight, Irene Klotz

Man From U.N.C.L.E...

Image Source: Reuters Science

Topics: Humor, International Space Station, Space, Space Exploration

Showing my age again, but it was a good show and great movie.

A Soyuz spacecraft successfully delivered a Russian, an American and a Briton to the International Space Station on Tuesday after blasting off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.

The otherwise smooth journey ended with a slightly delayed docking at 1733 GMT as Russian commander Yuri Malenchenko aborted the automatic procedure and manually guided the spacecraft towards the station.

Alongside Malenchenko, a veteran of long-duration space flights who is on his fourth space mission, were NASA astronaut Tim Kopra and Briton Tim Peake, both former Apache military helicopter pilots.

Peake, 43, a former army major who is on a six-month mission for the European Space Agency (ESA), became the first astronaut representing the British government and wearing a Union Jack flag on his arm. The first Briton in space was Helen Sharman, who travelled on a Soviet spacecraft for eight days in 1991.

Reuters Science: Spacecraft carrying Russian, American, Briton docks with space station

SpaceX Crewed Mission...

SpaceX is modifying Launch Pad 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida to adapt it to the needs of the company's Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets, which are slated to lift off from the historic pad in the near future. Credit: SpaceX

Topics: International Space Station, NASA, Space Exploration, Spaceflight

It's official: SpaceX will fly NASA astronauts to the International Space Station a few years from now.

California-based SpaceX has secured its first astronaut taxi order under its Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap) contract with NASA, agency officials announced Friday (Nov. 20).

"It's really exciting to see SpaceX and Boeing with hardware in flow for their first crew rotation missions," Kathy Lueders, manager of NASA's Commercial Crew Program, said in a statement. "It is important to have at least two healthy and robust capabilities from U.S. companies to deliver crew and critical scientific experiments from American soil to the space station throughout its life span."

Space.com: NASA Orders 1st Crewed Mission from SpaceX, Mike Wall

Space Faring Species..

CGI by XIXO

Topics: International Space Station, Moon Base, NASA, Space Exploration, Spaceflight, Space Junk, Tribalism

In no particular order - inspired by both Interstellar and The Martian - this is a purely speculative post regarding becoming a space faring species, i.e. no longer confined to Earth and what that could possibly mean. A math nerd note: Jessica Chastain and Matt Damon are the Venn diagram intersection points of both space opera features. I have no qualifications other than a STEM background, enthusiasm, imagination and wonder.

International Space Station: Some projections have it going beyond 2020, and it is international with 15 member nations participating. It's not only the longest-running science experiment on human endurance, it's the best thing we have so far of mutual cooperation, the UN notwithstanding.

Moon Base: This is a possibility, only in the fact the moon has far less gravity than on Earth, therefore it would be easier to launch vehicles into space from here. The caveat is radiation from the sun and far-away sources in the form of cosmic rays and meteors - some really big, and others the size of boulders. A sturdy, 3-D printed domicile for mostly surface sensors would have to be piezoelectric - perhaps a combination of lead zirconate titanate and titanium. The humans could use volcanic caverns underneath that could be made reasonably habitable. Launches from platforms beneath the surface would be just as easy as on the surface with bay doors made of the same previously speculated material.

NASA: The agency and its viability will last as long as we have the vision to fund it. The spin off technologies fuel economies, and if the United States didn't do that, European or Asian countries are more than poised to take the lead in that sphere, and profit from the venture. This will create jobs for their fellow countrymen in an ever-changing employment landscape.

Space Exploration: A lot is made of Exoplanets in the Goldilocks habitable zone, but not much regarding Exomoons: like our own companion, a moon or moons in orbit would stabilize a planet's climate, giving it predictable seasons that are hopefully suitable for us as well. In the movies Interstellar and The Martian, since we can't create artificial gravity like Star Trek, parts of our spacecraft (as each illustrated quite well) will have to rotate, using centrifugal force to create surfaces on a rotating ring, or in a Bernal Sphere in a planet's geosynchronous orbit so we can stand up and bear our own weight. Experiment Example: Take a bucket of water with a wire handle and attach the handle to a rope. Fill it halfway with water and swing it above your head by the rope - I promise as long as you're swinging it, you won't get wet (that will likely happen when and how you stop). This of course, eliminates the great space battles we've come to thrill to in the movies - in light of our aggressive tendencies, I don't think this is a bad idea, really. Part of what we've learned so far is that in a weightless environment, astronauts loose bone density and muscle mass very rapidly. It is also a good thing if you're going to have deep space missions whereby it may take a few lifetimes to get to say, Alpha Centauri. Newton's Third Law of motion is the likely reason despite attractions astronauts in weightless environments have never been as "frisky" as Captain Kirk or Commander Riker. It would be...awkward.

Spaceflight: Voyager leaving our solar system (or, at least the heliosphere of the sun) actually made us officially an interstellar space faring species! I don't think the transition was appreciated much by the media. I know EVERY Trekkie wants to go warp drive! However, we're not even at the level as a species just yet to generate a craft going at 0.10 c (one-tenth the speed of light) that would have us to Alpha Centauri - if it has habitable planets - in about 40 years. Hence the need for using Newton's Third Law to our advantage! This star ship would have to be shielded from cosmic radiation and meteorites (tricks we'd have learned from our Moon Base). Either fission, fusion or a very large solar powered sail would propel our craft. The sail would have to be propelled by lasers or masers we'd bring with us. For those of you that are interested, the 100 Year Star Ship project by former NASA astronaut Dr. Mae C. Jemison may give you vision for at least our great-grandchildren making the journey.

Popular Mechanics - How To Build a Starship

Space Junk: Not a sexy topic, but we've been chucking things to the Clarke Orbit since Sputnik. There's a lot of debris floating above us, and with the right training, the opportunity to employ people and possibly recycle the metals and materials used to build probes that outlive their usefulness and technology. Subset: We have a lot of Earth junk we need to clean up, both physical and atmospheric. I've often said, before we attempt Terraforming another planet, we ought to try Terraforming Earth.

Tribalism: We're in a special time in human history I kind of talked about in Terms of Indifference. This is the basis of our historic and current woes; geopolitics has always balanced on a knife's edge, especially as many of us long for a nostalgic utopia (literally "nowhere place") that never was, fearing constantly what's ahead. Many are resorting to either political fiat or violence to realize their vision on their respective populations using authoritarian means that inevitably restrict the rights of certain groups. The past cannot change, nor is time travel (except in certain relativistic cases) possible, but the future - relentlessly coming - we can plan for. "Failure to plan is planning to fail."

As things come to light, now briny water on Mars may point to a life form: a closer microscopic analysis of the Martian salt water might have a Tardigrade/Water Bear staring back at us! Such a discovery would change our collective history, our culture, our poetry and literature; our sense of ourselves. Part of being a space faring species would hopefully break down the artificial barriers we've erected separating us from our fellow humans. On a Martian or Moon Base - I've wondered - if you're an Imam conducting prayers: what then would be your reference to Mecca? Or, for any of the various human faiths, a large part of their identity is "where" they began, as then the humans there said: "we are the people of"... As more of us experience the Overview Effect, like our astronauts - a very limited group for now - more of us (I hope) will view the whole Earth as our home; ourselves as Earthlings.

Europe To The Moon...

The European Space Agency has been looking at what it takes to construct a moon outpost.
Credit: ESA/ Foster + Partners

Topics: European Space Agency, Humor, ISS, Moon Colony, Space Exploration

Living on our closest neighbor has some advantages. I've seen articles about how long-term radiation would alter our astronauts' brains on a trip to Mars, for example. There's a low probability of getting "super powers," e,g. the fictional "Fantastic Four," but an extreme likelihood of dying prematurely - a rather unpleasant outcome for the astronauts and their families. The International Space Station does have shielding, but its exposure to radiation is by far not as harsh as would be encountered by a crew on an interplanetary flight. We'll have to come up with some knew design configurations/materials for shielding, and being a mere 238,900 miles (384,400 km) from Earth is probably a good place to start. Although I must admit: the representative photo looks like a graphic from a "Doctor Who" episode (explain to your non-nerd friends if that completely went over their heads).

COLORADO SPRINGS, Colorado — The incoming leader of the European Space Agency is keen on establishing an international base on the moon as a next-step outpost beyond the International Space Station (ISS).

Johann-Dietrich Wörner expressed his enthusiasm for a moon colony at the Space Foundation’s National Space Symposium, a gathering of global, commercial, civil, military and "new space" experts that was held here from April 13 to April 16.

"It seems to be appropriate to propose a permanent moon station as the successor of ISS," Wörner said. This station should be international, "meaning that the different actors can contribute with their respective competencies and interests." [Living on the Moon: What It Would Be Like (Infographic)]

Space.com:
Europe's Next Space Chief Wants a Moon Colony on the Lunar Far Side,
Leonard David

Giant Leap...

International Space Station - Facts and Figures Page

Topics: International Space Station, NASA, Space, Space Exploration

Growing up in the Apollo era, spaceflight and space exploration were "big deals" that stopped traffic, ensued water cooler conversations and dominated - at least in nerd culture - deep thoughts regarding where we were heading. It wasn't until the Space Shuttle Program that spaceflight became humdrum; routine. We'd pause when Challenger or Columbia tragedies dominated the news cycle, briefly reflect, give heartfelt condolences and go back to our technology-centered lives. My sincere hope is going forward we don't lose our need to explore and sense of wonder, nor suppress it with fear, propaganda, empty talking points and arrogant convictions. My optimism is many of our future leaders - in high school and college now - get to experience the "overlook effect" and maybe this cooperation will become a little more widespread, and sanguinely for out continuance, quite routine.

Since 1998, humanity’s had a permanent presence in space with the International Space Station. The ISS, which circles the Earth once every 90 minutes, is a model of global cooperation: A joint cooperation among five national space agencies, crewed by astronauts from more than 15 countries. Take an inside look at the daily life and science that goes on inside the space station whizzing by at more than 200 miles above our heads.
World Science Festival Staff

A Democratic Technocracy...

Bernal Sphere interior, complete with California-style wine and cheese party, and human powered flight in the lower-gravity area near the axis. Painting by Rick Guidice courtesy of NASA. Source: National Space Society

A Democratic Technocracy I’d define as "a representative democratic republic of elected officials independent of outside financial interests with experience in and/or an appreciation of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) to effectively govern a nation and global economy exquisitely dependent on STEM."

More in the embed/link below, and my thoughts on "Interstellar."

Snarky Commentary 3 by Reginald L. Goodwin

Quantum Physics and Breathing...

Image source: Renewing All Things

(Inside Science) – Why don't we suffocate whenever we try to take a breath? An international team of scientists has used quantum mechanics – the science that usually deals with events at the level of the ultra-small – to solve this human-sized mystery.

Quantum mechanics has long proved its value in understanding such phenomena as the behavior of electrons and in classifying subatomic particles. But in recent years theorists have increasingly shown how it applies to all facets of life, large and small.

The new research, led by Cédric Weber of Kings College, London and reported in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, confirms that point.

"This work," said team member David O'Regan, a physicist at Ireland's Trinity College, Dublin, "helps to illustrate the fact that quantum-mechanical effects, which may sometimes be viewed as somehow very exotic or only relevant under extreme conditions, are at play in the day-to-day regimes where biology, chemistry, and materials science operate."

The paper's titled: "Renormalization of myoglobin–ligand binding energetics by quantum many-body effects." That's a mouthful, I know but you're a sharp crowd knowing you've read this far.

Side note: this is the National Academy of Sciences, started March 3, 1863 by President Abraham Lincoln.

They use a technique - Density Functional Theory, or DFT, which won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1998, and its extension Density Mean-Field Theory. Some excerpts:

"DFT has been the standard tool for simulating electronic properties of materials and molecules for a number of years," O'Regan said.

The team used the technique to study reactions between the iron atom inside myoglobin and a molecule of oxygen or carbon monoxide. These reactions involve electrostatics, the arrangement of electric charges in atoms and molecules. When the iron atom transfers negative electric charges to an oxygen or carbon monoxide molecule, it enables the molecule to attach itself to the entire myoglobin protein.

Unfortunately, the theory consistently predicted that carbon monoxide should bind to myoglobin much more readily than oxygen.

"Using DMFT, we showed that, in fact, close to one electron is transferred to the oxygen molecule," Cole explained. "This provides much greater electrostatic stabilization than previously thought. It means that our estimate of the relative binding of oxygen and carbon dioxide is now in excellent agreement with experiment."

The analysis revealed that an effect called entanglement plays a critical role in binding oxygen molecules to the protein. Entanglement is a quintessential characteristic of quantum mechanics that links pairs of electrons so strongly that they no longer act independently. The process also involves Hund's exchange, another quantum-mechanical property that previous simulations had ignored.

The research has potential uses beyond understanding the molecular basis of breathing. According to Cole, the better understanding of how molecules bind to iron-containing proteins could help the drug-development process and possibly facilitate the design of artificial photosynthesis devices that would capture and store energy from the sun.

Impact: Supplying oxygen to the International Space Station would be a good low-orbital beta test platform. We could terraform our own planet, that we seem determined to do with the burning of fossil fuels anyway - our photosynthesis devices could remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and supply us with oxygen as its byproduct - we kind of need that. If we could do that, settling the Moon, Mars or any other planet would be a lot simpler once we engineer faster propulsion systems than we have currently. On Earth, "Green Tech" could literally mean converting solar energy into chemical energy useful to us as farmed (as in food) or mined resources. These are inevitably a dwindling supply and the basis for our current inequality hierarchy and scarcity economics. Please read the rest of the article at the link for more information.

Inside Science: How Quantum Mechanics Helps Us Breathe, Peter Gwynne

Space Race Post Sputnik...

ISS Robot Arm - Space Daily

Round 2 on the way! Don't worry: we'll hit 'em with "intelligent design." They'll never see it coming... 

Russia is developing a national program of manned space explorations which will replace the International Space Station (ISS) program after 2020, the Russian Federal Space Agency, Roscosmos, said Thursday.

"The development of the national strategy of manned spaceflight is underway now. Along with the Russian Academy of Sciences and the industrial sector we are preparing a certain concept beyond the ISS," Roscosmos Deputy Chief Sergei Savelyev told reporters at the 18th St. Petersburg International Economic Forum. 1

VOSTOCHNY COSMODROME, Russia (Reuters) - President Vladimir Putin told astronauts in orbit on Friday that Russia will send up the first manned flights from its own soil in 2018, using a new launch pad he said will help the once-pioneering space power explore deep space and the moon.

Speaking by video link with the International Space Station's crew from the building site, Putin said it will be open to use by the United States and Europe - playing up cooperation on the anniversary of cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin's 1961 flight, which set off the Cold War space race. 2

1. Space Daily: Russia develops manned space program to replace ISS, Saint Petersburg, Russia (Staff Writers)
2. Huffington Post Science: Russian Space Program Will Launch Manned Mission From Own Soil In 2018, Putin Says, Denis Dyomkin

Live From Space...

Link: LiveFromSpace.com

400 km Above...

Perched on the International Space Station around 400 km above the Earth, the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) collects data from primary cosmic rays before they can interact with the atmosphere.
Image credit: NASA.

The international team running the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) has announced the first results in its search for dark matter. They indicate the observation of an excess of positrons in the cosmic-ray flux. The results were presented by Samuel Ting, the spokesperson of AMS, in a seminar at CERN on 3 April, the date of publication in Physical Review Letters.

The AMS results are based on an analysis of some 2.5 × 10¹⁰ events, recorded over a year and a half. Cuts to reject protons, as well as electrons and positrons produced in the interactions of cosmic rays in the Earth’s atmosphere, reduce this to around 6.8 × 10⁶ positron and electron events, including 400,000 positrons with energies between 0.5 GeV and 350 GeV. This represents the largest collection of antimatter particles detected in space.

CERN Courier: AMS measures antimatter excess in space

In Search of WIMPs...

Space Review

The biggest single experiment, in terms of both size and cost, on the ISS is the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (officially designated AMS-02 to differentiate it from a prototype, AMS-01, flown on the STS-91 shuttle mission in 1998, but usually simply called AMS.) Weighing nearly 7,000 kilograms and costing an estimated $1.5 billion to develop, NASA installed AMS on the exterior of the ISS on the penultimate shuttle mission, STS-134, in May 2011 (see “The space station’s billion-dollar physics experiment”, The Space Review, May 16, 2011).

At a press conference February 17 during the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in Boston, Samuel Ting, the MIT physicist who is the principal investigator for AMS, said his team was working on a paper analyzing a subset of the AMS data involving detections of high-energy electrons and positrons. “We waited for 15 years—actually, 18 years—to write this paper,” he said. “We have finished the paper and are now making the final checks.” He said he anticipated that the paper would be completed and submitted to a journal (as yet undecided, although Ting said later one possibility is Physical Review Letters) in two to three weeks.

While Ting didn’t disclose any of the results that will be in that paper, he did discuss what the paper would cover. It will examine the ratio of positrons to electrons as a function of energy from 0.5 to 350 billion electron volts. (The AMS can detect particles up to a trillion electron volts, but Ting said they didn’t yet have a statistically significant sample of data at the higher energies.) It will also measure changes in the ratio as a function of direction to see if its distribution is the same in all directions or has peaks in a particular direction, such as towards the center of the galaxy.

Changes in that positron/electron ratio as a function of energy, including increases or sharp drops, could provide evidence for one candidate of dark matter known as weakly interacting massive particles, or WIMPs. Dark matter comprises about 23 percent of the universe, but its influence has only been detected indirectly, such as the rotation curves of galaxies. Scientists hypothesize that if dark matter is made of WIMPS—in particular, a particle known as a supersymmetric neutralino—it will produce antimatter particles like positrons when it collides with each other, creating a signature in the data detected by AMS.

The Space Review: Turning ISS into a full-fledged space laboratory

Good Luck With That...

Yesterday, a mysterious group called the Inspiration Mars Foundation announced vague plans for a “historic journey to Mars and back in 501 days” scheduled for 2018. The group neglected to mention if the trip would be manned, instead directing the public to a press conference scheduled for February 27. But new information reveals that the individuals behind the Inspiration Mars Foundation plan to send two people on a flight to Mars and back—presumably in one piece.

Not that I'm a pessimist, but some facts about spaceflight seems missing from this bold endeavor:

1. Time and propulsion technologies: at current rates of speed, let's pick the average to obtain LEO - low earth orbit ~ 17,000 mph (27358.8 kph).
2. The average distance between Earth and Mars is 140 million miles (225 million km).
3. Thus, your trip would take roughly 8,235 hours, or 343 days. These are of course, my "back of the envelope calculations."
4. Human frailty: we tend to like gravity, and lose muscle mass as well as bone density just in LEO on the ISS.

According to Universe Today: "The total journey time from Earth to Mars takes between 150-300 days depending on the speed of the launch, the alignment of Earth and Mars, and the length of the journey the spacecraft takes to reach its target. It really just depends on how much fuel you’re willing to burn to get there. More fuel, shorter travel time."

So, mysterious cabal or not: it's going to take some serious engineering to get to Mars, loads of fuel and/or a very large solar sail. Unfortunately, all of that costs money that if you've noticed, we're having a bit of trouble counting...not mad at you, though.

Scientific American: Millionaire Plans Mission to Mars in 2018

In Seven Days...

You Tube Channel: Space Lab